What is the purpose of surface pre-treatment method in screen printed electrodes (SPE)?

The electrochemical properties of SPEs were affected by the presence of non-electroactive components in the inks, curing processes, and low graphite carbon content in the ink. These effects can be minimized by applying surface pre-treatment techniques like UV light, plasma treatment, chemical (using solvent), electrochemical (using Cyclic Voltammetry), and thermal techniques.